• Applications for protein switches are numerous

  2023-09-28

  

  Applications for protein switches are numerous. In diagnostics, protein switches can detect analytes as components of inexpensive homogeneous assays that do not require specialized equipment or time-consuming incubation and washing steps characteristic of immunoassays [8]. Protein switches have also

• AMPK is a central regulator

  2023-09-28

  

  AMPK is a central regulator of cell growth, migration, metabolism, autophagy, and cell polarity [20], [21], [22], [23]. It is highly conserved in eukaryotes and functions as the primary sensor of intracellular adenosine nucleotides [24]. When intracellular ATP levels decrease, AMPK is activated to g

• The metabolism of amino acids

  2023-09-28

  

  The metabolism of amino acids into volatile aldehydes involves both decarboxylation and deamination steps. The order of these reactions and the enzymes performing the catalysis differ among plants [13]. In tomato fruit the conversion of L-Phe to 2-phenylethanal is catalyzed by two enzymatic steps, i

• br Study approval br Author contributions br Conflicts

  2023-09-28

  

  Study approval Author contributions Conflicts of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants of the Youth Backbone Program (to Jianming Ying) of Cancer Hospital, CAMS, Beijing, Beijing Hope Run Special Fund of Cancer Foundation of China (LC2015A06) and the National Natura

• Introduction Aldose reductase ALR is the

  2023-09-28

  

  Introduction Aldose reductase (ALR2) is the first enzyme of the polyol pathway that catalyzes the reduction of glucose to sorbitol utilizing NADPH as a cofactor. The intracellular accumulation of sorbitol, due to increased aldose reductase activity at high blood glucose levels, such as those occurr

• OCT also is known as POU F plays an important

  2023-09-28

  

  OCT4 (also is known as POU5F1) plays an important role in embryonic stem cell self-renewal, development and reprogram somatic cell into pluripotent stem cell [[5], [6], [7]]. Recently, many studies also find OCT4 promotes the progression of many tumors. For example, Wnt/β-catenin promotes the expans

• br Adenosine and tumor microenvironment In the majority

  2023-09-28

  

  Adenosine and tumor microenvironment In the majority of carcinogenic processes a proinflammatory state is generated [36], [37]. In addition, a tumor hypoxic environment is generally due to inadequate perfusion of oxygen to the tumor [38]. Immunomodulators are molecules that regulate the immune r

• Glucose permeability studies demonstrated a high glucose

  2023-09-28

  

  Glucose permeability studies demonstrated a high glucose flux through the SF films used in the present work. Recent diffusion studies, including small molecular drugs and oxygen permeation through SF membranes [32], further support the quality of SF and its possible application as a material for bio

• br Acknowledgments This work was supported by a

  2023-09-28

  

  Acknowledgments This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project no. PN-II-ID-PCE-2011-3-0571, awarded to F.A.M. D.V.N. was co-financed from the European Social Fund through Sectorial Operational Program Human Resources Develo

• br ARIs in the prevention of

  2023-09-27

  

  5ARIs in the prevention of prostate cancer Prostate cancer continues to be a leading cause of male deaths worldwide. In 2009, it was estimated there would be 192,280 new cases of prostate cancer with a predicted 27,360 deaths [25]. Because androgens, and specifically DHT, play a large role in bot

• It has recently been reported that plasma and

  2023-09-27

  

  It has recently been reported that plasma and synovial fluid levels of autotaxin correlate with severity of knee OA. Synovial fibroblasts isolated from OA patients express significant amounts of autotaxin mRNA, and this increase in autotaxin ARCA Cy3 EGFP mRNA could lead to increased production of

• The reasons why antibiotic treatment may

  2023-09-27

  

  The reasons why antibiotic treatment may be detrimental are diverse. First, it may result in disruption of multifaceted microbe–microbe, as well as microbe–host, interactions that are key for the maintenance of homeostasis within this ecosystem. This can lead to the expansion of pathogenic microorga

• Another possible scenario is that the

  2023-09-27

  

  Another possible scenario is that the same pathologic process has different effects in different people. It might be that the pathway outlined in Fig. 6A is operative in some individuals, but other individuals have a factor Q (which could be genetic or environmental) that blocks the effect of A on T

• Numerous studies have reported high glutamate levels

  2023-09-27

  

  Numerous studies have reported high glutamate levels in the brains of patients with depression, indicating that the glutamate system plays a crucial role in depression (Sanacora et al., 2004; Kendell et al., 2005; Hashimoto et al., 2007). Furthermore, several clinically effective antidepressant drug

• PL for actin in vitro showed that its

  2023-09-27

  

  PL for PF-00562271 in vitro showed that its profiles, including particular peak and intensity, could determine the length and thickness of an actin filament. Furthermore, we investigated if the PL intensity peak at approximately 340 nm can also be originated from another cytoskeleton filament, such

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